Eckhart’s mystical theology was one step in the historical process of liberating the idea of God from its anthropomorphic authoritarian admixture. With the growth of the natural sciences, of technique, and the beginning of the new individualism — and eventually the antiauthoritarian trend that culminated in the French Revolution — the traditional concept of God indeed became more and more vulnerable. One did not need God to explain the miracles of creation, and one needed God even less as the fountainhead of ethics. With the development of capitalism, economic relations between men, the most important sector of ethical behavior, became separated from man; economic behavior was not part of morals anymore, but was entirely determined by the laws of economy. Classic economy had become independent of man’s will, intentions, and ethical norms. It had its own laws according to which the economic process proceeded, and man’s behavior was determined by these laws.
”Deism” was a further step to get rid of the ”King of Kings,” without losing the word God entirely, but making the assumption that God had once started the world and after this event had stopped interfering and left it to its own devices. In the final analysis, this meant to the laws of economics.
The slow deterioration of religion had the effect that official religion, represented by the Church, represented the authoritarian ideas containing the ”King of Kings” concept, and religion became a bulwark for political and economic reactionessentially because the Church supported all reactionary elements in society. Hence, all words that were used by the Church became tabu for a revolutionary thinker such as Marx; and the concept of God, even if deprived of its authoritarian meaning, became an unspeakable word in any shape or form. But even words such as love, justice, and truth slowly acquired a tabu character because they were used by those Jung-Hegelians who claimed one could change the world by only changing man’s consciousness.
Thus, Marx was under the same culturally conditioned pressures as Eckhart had been, only in reverse. For Eckhart a world picture without at least the word God was unthinkable; for Marx a world picture that contained words of religion and of philosophical idealism was equally unthinkable or, perhaps more correctly, to be avoided in theoretical discourse. If Marx had been allergic to religious words, however, would the student Marx have attended a course of lectures on the prophet Isaiah as the only non-obligatory course in his study plan? Would he, many years later, have told his wife, who was interested in attending some lectures by a very liberal minister: ”If you really are interested in religion, read the prophets instead of listening to banalities.”
Indeed, Marx had great and empathic understanding for the essence of religion, an attitude that has been completely distorted by vulgar Marxism and has been borne out by his statement on religion, from which only one sentence, taken out of context, is widely quoted: ”Religion is the opium of the people.” I quote below the whole statement, which shows how different Marx’s attitude to religion was from the one that is judged to be expressed in the ”opium sentence”:
Religious distress is at the same time the expression of real distress and the protest against real distress. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of an unspiritual situation. It is the opium of the people.
The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is required for their real happiness. The demand to give up the illusions about its condition is the demand to give up a condition which needs illusions. The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo the criticism of the vale of woe, the halo of which is religion.
Criticism has plucked the imaginary flowers from the chain not so that man will wear the chain without any fantasy or consolation, but so that he will shake off the chain and cull the living flower. The criticism of religion disillusions man, to make him think and act and shape his reality like a man who has been disillusioned and has come to reason, so that he will revolve around himself and therefore around his true sun. Religion is only the illusory sun, which revolves around man as long as he does not revolve around himself.
What Marx is saying here is that man suffers in a heartless world and that religion consoles him, as opium consoles one who suffers from severe pain. But religion is the necessary and best comfort for man’s suffering only as long as man has not come to himself, as long as he lives in a world that requires illusions in order to be bearable. When Marx speaks of man’s ”culling the living flower,” he conveys the idea that the aim of life is not the drabness of making a living but the beauty of being. To Marx, in a socialist society, when man has become fully himself, there is no need for religion, because the flowering quality of life will be expressed in the whole of daily life and not in a separate and necessarily alienated sector of life: religion.
When Marx speaks of the new man who becomes his own sun, he implies that, instead of God’s being his sun, he fully negates the alienated idol ”God,” as already Eckhart had done, and be reestablishes the principles of humanism: ”Man is the measure of all things.” But—and this is very important in order to avoid a widespread misunderstanding—for Marx this does not urean to make man into a god. This would only mean to transform man into the same alienated idol into which God has been transformed.
Indeed, the idolization of man is actually what has happened in the development of modern industrialism, and with increas¬ing rapidity in the last decades. By knowing the secrets of nature, man feels that he becomes omniscient; and by controlling nature, he becomes omnipotent. The creation of nature by God is followed by the creation of a second nature by man. The denial of God is followed by the elevation of man into the role of God. This process was not conscious as such; it could not be conscious, because morality on which bourgeois society was built was still embedded in religious concepts. Indeed, as Dostoevjeski already recognized, if God were dead, everything would be allowed!
What would happen to civil society if everything was allowed? The traditional religious cover had to be preserved in order to guarantee the effectiveness of concepts such as duty, loyalty, patriotism, respect for law. Underneath this conscious cover, however, man was fired and sustained by the new vision of himself as God. Not he as an individual — who, in fact, sensed his powerlessness — but his society or, rather, the technically advanced sector of humanity, the white world of Europeans and North Americans. This new paganism, in which man became an idol, contained the deepest psychological motivation for the energy and skäl that were necessary to construct the world of modern technique.
Indeed, the vision behind modern industrialism was a religious one, as all visions are that mobilize the energies for new creative structures. Driven by this vision or, if you like, drunk with it, man performed the miracles of technique that he dreamt of, or even did not dream of, in his previous history. Has space travel not made him the creature of the universe, eliminating the limitations of space? Has he not acquired the possibility of changing the structure of the brain and altering reactions that seemed to be fixed by God’s Creation? Are not the secret services, which can photograph and listen in to the most private happenings, as omniscient as one once believed God to be?
In fact, man is on the way to becoming God — or so he believes — and this is his answer to the religious tradition and the basis for a complete negation of ethics. Yet in order to become God, man has to become unhuman — and thus in the long run to destroy himself by sacrificing himself at the altar of the true God to whom eventually the Man – God will have to abdicate:
technique.
What Marx — like all radical humanists — meant by the ideas that ”man should become his own sun” and that ”man is the measure of all things” was not the idea of man as an idol; but that man, by being fully human, would fulfill the highest aim man should set for himself. We see here a new connection with Eckhart’s mysticism. Eckhart said that man is God, or that God is in man — a statement that was one of the main reasons for the accusation of heresy against him. Eckhart did not refer to the god of the Bible, God the Creator, God the Authority. To him man was the Godhead, the One, the inexpressible; man’s essence was pure being as the Godhead’s essence was pure being. Hence, it could not be grasped, described, narred; it was the One — and the Nothing. (This is what distinguishes Eckhart from many other mystics who speak of the union between man and God. Eckhart speaks of the union too, but he takes a decisive step beyond this concept: There is no need for union, since man and God are already one.)
There is little difference, except in terminology, between Eckhart’s atheistic mysticism and Marx’s concept of man as the highest being for himself. Both are atheistic, both speak against the idolization of man, for both the fulfillment of man lies in the unfolding of his essential power as a purpose in itself. If Eckhart was an atheistic mystic speaking in the language of theology, Marx was an atheistic mystic speaking in the language of post-Hegelian philosophy. They spoke two different dialects of the same language, as far as man and the goal of man’s life are concerned; as far as politics and economics are concerned, Eckhart did not speak in any language, while Marx’s language was that of the classical economists.
General remarks on Marx’s relationship to religion are almost unavoidably, afterthoughts to the main topic: Marx’s and Eckhart’s views on having and being. What we have is much too sketchy and brief to deal with the problem Marxism and religion adequately. In a masterful way this has been done by Ernst Bloch, particularly, in his Atheismus im Christentum. Bloch, with great sensitivity and often in a beautiful, poetic language, points to the atheistic character of true Christianity — the first Christians were called atheoi at Nero’s cours! — and formulates convincingly, the apparent paradox: ”Only an atheist can be a good Christian, but certainly, also only a Christian can be a good atheist.” This paradox–a challenge in the book’s Introduktion—is developed and resolved in the later text. The conclusion at which Bloch arrives is, in general terms, the same as I have briefly formulated with respect to the thought of Eckhart and Marx: unalienated Christianity and unalienated Marxism proclaim the same principle.
Bloch writes: ”When, in Christian terms, one really still is concerned with the emancipation of the weary and downtrodden; when in Marxist terms the depth of the realm of freedom remains — and becomes — the true substance of revolutionary consciousness, then the alliance between revolution and Christianity of the peasant wars will not have been the last one—and this time it will succeed…Then Marxism and the dream of the unconditioned (Unbedingten) will unite in the same step and strategy.”